Law English 900
一、保险（Insurance）（10句）
二、不动产（Real property）（10句）
三、财产负担（Encumbrance）（10句）
四、传票（Process）（10句）
五、法官（Judge）（30句）
七、法律（Law）（60句）
八、法院（Court）（30句）
九、犯罪（Offense）（40句）
十、公民权利（Citizens' right）（20句）
十一、公司法（Company law）（20句）
十二、管辖权（Jurisdiction）（10句）
十三、国际法（International law）（10句）
十四、过失行为（Negligence）（10句）
十五、海关和关税（Customs & tariff）（10句）
十六、合伙（Partnership）（10句）
十七、合同和协议（Contract & agreement）（60句）
十八、和解（Settlement）（10句）
十九、环境保护（Environment protection）（10句）
二十、婚姻和家庭（Marriage & family life）（10句）
二十一、货运和海商法（Shipping & maritime law）（10句）
二十二、检察官（Prosecutor）（10句）
二十三、交通（Traffic）（10句）
二十四、借贷和租赁（Loan & lease）（10句）
二十五、警察（Police）（10句）
二十六、救济（Remedy）（10句）
二十七、立法（Legislation）（10句）
二十八、律师（Lawyer）（30句）
二十九、藐视法庭（Contempt of court）（10句）
三十、陪审团（Jury）（10句）
三十一、票据（Instrument）（10句）
三十二、破产（Bankruptcy）（10句）
三十三、侵权（Tort）（10句）
三十四、上诉（Appeal）（20句）
三十五、审判（Trial）（30句）
三十六、税收（Tax）（10句）
三十七、死刑（Death penalty）（10句）
三十八、诉辩状（Pleading）（10句）
三十九、诉讼（Litigation）（20句）
四十、诉讼费（Costs）（10句）
四十一、所有权（Ownership）（10句）
四十二、委托代理（Agency）（10句）
四十三、未成年人违法（Juvenile delinquency）（10句）
四十四、消费者权益（Consumer’s right）（10句）
四十五、信托（Trust）（10句）
四十六、刑罚（Punishment）（10句）
四十七、刑法原则（Criminal law principles）（10句）
四十八、刑事侦察（Criminal investigation）（10句）
四十九、业务交易（Transaction）（10句）
五十、医疗保健（Medical care）（10句）
五十一、遗嘱和继承（Will & succession）（10句）
五十二、原告和被告（Plaintiff & defendant）（20句）
五十三、责任（Duty）（10句）
五十四、赠与(Gift)（10句）
五十五、债务（Debt）（10句）
五十六、招投标（Bidding）（10句）
五十七、证据（Evidence）（30句）
五十八、证券（Securities）（10句）
五十九、知识产权（Intellectual property）（10句）
六十、仲裁（Arbitration）（10句）
法理
1.A partnership is an association of two or more persons
to carry on a business for profit.
2.Each partner is viewed as the other's agent.
3.Every partner may take part in the management of the partnership business.
4.Family partnership is one in which the partners are members of a family.
5.No partner shall be entitled to remuneration for acting in the partnership business.
6.Partners are taxed as individuals and are personally liable
for torts and contractual obligations.
7.Unless it is a limited partnership,it need not be established in writing.
8.The other partners shall,under the same condition, enjoy priority in obtaining the assignment.
9.The partnership books are to be kept at the place of business of the partnership or the principal place.
10.Traditionally,a firm is referred to a partnership,as opposed to company.
Contract & agreement
1.A contract cannot arise out of an illegal act.
2.A contract is established when the acceptance becomes effective.
3.A contract may be modified
if the parties reach a consensus through consultation.
4.A person is not liable for debts contracted druing his minority.
5.A transaction between two parties
ought not to operate to the disadvantage of a third.
6.An acceptance once given cannot be revoked unless the offeror consents.
7.An acceptance is a statement made
by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.
8.An offeror may withdraw an offer
at any time before it has been accepted.
9.Any amendment to this contract
shall become effective only by a written agreement by Patry A and Party B.
10.Any annex is the integral part of this contract.
11.Any departure from the terms and conditions of the contract
must be advised in writing.
12.Any failure by a party to carry out all or part of his obligations
under the contract
shall be considered as a substantial breach.
13.Any party has no right to terminate this contract
without another party's agreement.
14.Any violation of deadlines
contained in the contract wil equate to breach of contract.
15.Contract law is initially concerned with determining what promises the law
will enforce or recognize as creating legal rights.
16.Examples of void contracts
are those entered into as a result of misrepresentation,
duress or undue influence.
17.He is incompetent to sign the contract.
18.He reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental
non-performance of the contract by the other party.
19.He signed a covenant against under letting the premises.
20.He was incapable of fulfiling the terms of the contract.
21.If a contract becomes invalid,
the validity of its independently existing clauses
pertaining to the settlement of disputes shall not be affected.
22.If a minor ratifies a contract upon reaching the age of majority,
he or she is then bound to it.
23.If any of the above-mentioned clauses
is inconsistent with the following additional clauses,
the latter is to be taken as authentic.
24.If there are provisions as otherwise stated
in respect to contracts in other laws,
such provisions shall be followed.
25.If there is no acceptance,by definition there ia no contract.
26.In case of heavy losses,
failure of a party to fulfill the obligations
prescribed by the contract of force majeure,
the contract may be terminated.
27.Lawfully established contracts shall be protected by law.
28.Marine insurance contracts are indemnity contracts
and require the parties to exercise the utmost good faith.
29.No change in or modification of this Agreement
shall be valid unless the same is made in writing.
30.No consideration,no contract.
31.Other special terms will be listed bellow.
32.Party A and B have reached an agreement through friendly consultation
to conclude the following contract.
33.Parties hereto may revise or supplement
through negotiation matters not mentioned herein.
34.Parment will be held up until the contract has been signed.
35.Please amend your copy of the contract accordingly.
36.Promises resulting from either express or an implied agreement can be enforced.
37.She did not abide by the terms of the agreement.
38.The agreement is binding on all parties.
39.The agreement of the parties is subject to review and approval of the board of directors.
40.The conditions of the contract are still to be determined.
41.The contact has been engrossed ready for signature.
42.The contract has to be signed in the presence of two witnesses.
43.The contract was declared null and void.
44.The contract was annuled by the court.
45.The express agreement of parties overcomes the law.
46.The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as an integral part of this contract.
47.The issue of this action is the date of the contract.
48.The parties may dissolve the contract upon consensus through consultation.
49.The parties shall,when making a contract,have corresponding capacity for civil rights and civil conduct.
50.The parties to a contract shall fully fulfill their obligations pursuant to the terms of the contract.
51.The parties to the contract have equal legal status,and neither party may impose its will in the other.
52.The use of a prescribed contract form can reduce the uncertainty.
53.They took the unilateral decision to cancel the contract.
54.This Agreement and the schedules hereto constitute the entire agreement between the parties relating to the subject mater hareof.
55.This contract is executed in three counterparts,all of which are considered as originals and of the same effect.
56.This contract will be effective after being signed by both parties.
57.This affer will be lapsed automatically after the time limit.
58.We hereby revoke the agreement of May8,2004.
59.What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix.
60.You have to get the permission of all the signatories to the agreement
if you want to change the terms.
合伙
合伙企业指的是两个或两个以上的个人为牟利而组成的商事联合体。
每个合伙人都被视为是其他合伙人的代理人。
每个合伙人都可以参与合伙企业的业务管理。
家庭合伙是指合伙人均为一个家庭成员的合伙。
任何合伙人均无权因参与合伙企业业务活动而获得报酬。
合伙人按个人纳税，且以个人名义承担侵权和合同责任。
除非属于有限责任性质，合伙关系无须以书面缔结。
在同等条件下，其他合伙人有优先购买权。
合伙企业的账簿应保存在企业营业处或企业本部。
按惯例,firm是指合伙企业，与公司相对。
合同和协议
违法行为不足不约。
承诺生效即合同成立。
当事人协商一致即可以变更合同。
一个人无须对他在未成年时期的合同债务承担责任。
合约不约束第三人。
除非要约人同意，承诺一经做出即不得撤回。
承担是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。
在要约被受要约人接受以前，要约人可以随进撤回要约。
对本合同的任何修改，只有经甲、乙双方签署书面协议后方能生效。
对本合同一切附件均为本合同的有效组成部分。
任何与合同条款相背离的地方，都应以书面形式通知。
一方当事人不履行本合同的全总或任何部分义务均应被视为是根本违约。
未经另一方当事人同意，任何当事人均无权终止合同。
凡违反合同规定的任何期限都等同违约。
合同法首先涉及确认哪些许诺可以作为创设的法律权利而由法律强制实施或承认。
因欺诈、胁迫和乘人之危而签订的合同属于可撤销合同。
他没有签署合同的行为能力。
他有理由认为对方当事人将会根本违约。
他签署了一个反对廉价出租屋的契约。
他没有能力履行合同条款。
合同无效并不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。
如未成年人在达到法定年龄时追认合同，他/她便应受合同之约束。
以上任何条款如与下列附加条款相抵触，以下列附加条款为准。
其他法律对合同另有规定，应依照这些规定。
按照定义，没有承诺合同便不能成立。
如发严重亏损，一方不履行合同规定的义务或不可抗力等，可提前终止合同。
依法成立的合同应受法律保护。
海上保险合同属于赔偿合同，要求双方当事人尽到最大善意的义务。
本协议之修改必须作成书面始生效力。
合同无对价不成立。
甲、乙双方如有特殊约定将在下列另行规定。
甲、乙双方，经友好协商一致，订立要合同。
本合同如有未尽事宜，双方可协商修订或补充。
付款将延期到合同签订。
请将你的合同文本做相应的修正。
明示协定或默示协定所产生的允诺都可具有强制力。
她没有遵守协议的条款。
该协议对各方当事人都有约束力。
当事人的协议须经董事会的审查和批准。
合同条件还有待确定。
合同已正式写成等待签署。
该合同必须在两个证人出席的情况下签署。
合同被宣告无效。
合同被法院废止。
双方当事人的明示协议胜过法律。
下列文件应被认为、读做、解释为本合同的组成部分。
这案件的急论点是合约的日期。
当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。
当事人订立合同，应当具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。
合同的双方录事人应当按照合同的约定，合部履行自已的义务。
合同当事人的法律地位平等，一方不得将自已的意志强加给另一方。
格式化合同的采用可以减少不确定性。
他们单方面决定撤消合同。
本协议及其附件构成双方关于本协议标的之完整协议。
本合同一式三份，均应视为原件，具有同等效力。
本合同一经双方签字后立即生效。
这项要约在期限过后，便会自动失效。
这项特此宣告2004年5月8日的协议无效。
1.Conciliation is a procedure in which a public organ
stands between the parties
in order to try to solve a civil dispute by their mutual consent.
2.Even significant controversies may be settled through mediation.
3.If a claim is settled on behalf of a child of patient,
the agreement is not binding until it is approved by the court.
4.Litigants of the two parties may reconcile of their own accord.
5.Out-of-court settlement is specially appropriate as applied to disputes
that are resolved instituting litigation.
6.The bill of mediation becomes legally effective after it has been delivered
to the litigants and signed by them.
7.The parties reached a settlement the day before trial.
8.The money paid in such a settlement is often termed nuisance money.
9.They are hoping to reach an out-of-court settlement.
10.To end the lawsuit,they reached an agreement resolving differences by mutual concessions.
Environment protection
1.An act that is destructive to the environment may be criminalized by statute.
2.Discharge pipes directly take pollutants away from the plant into the river.
3.Environmental impact reports are required under many circumstances
by federal and state law.
4.Environmental law heavily intertwined with administrative law.
5.Environmental problems directly affect the quality of people's lives.
6.In 1970,a federal agency was created to coordinate governmental action
to protect environment.
7.Most environmental litigation involves disputes with governmental agencies.
8.Pollution is legally controlled and enforced through various federal and state laws.
9.The federal government promulgated the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act.
10.The law requires a detailed analysis of the potential impact on the environment of a proposed project.
Marriage & family life
1.Arranged or mercenary marriage and any other acts of interference
with the freedom of marriage are forbidden.
2.Custody of the children was awarded to the mother.
3.She petitioned for divorce on account of the breakdown of their marriage.
4.She was granted a divorce on the grounds
of unreasonable behavior by her husband.
5.The adopter may adopt one child only,male or female.
6.The court presumes the maintenance payments are being paid on time.
7.The payments were made according to the maintenance order.
8.Their marriage broke down and they separated.
9.They went to see a marriage guidance counselor.
10.What validates a marriage is the consent of the parties, not their cohabitation.
和解
调解是公务机关介入当事人之间，没法根据当事人的协议解决民事纠纷的一种程序。
即便是重大的争议都有可能通过调解解决。
以未成年人或病人名义和解诉讼主张，如无法院批准，此种协议没有拘束效力。
双方当事人可以自行和解。
庭外调解专门适用于没有起诉的争端之解决。
调解书交双方当事人签收后，即具有法律效力。
在案件审判前一天，双方当事人达成和解协议。
在此种调解中支付的费用经常被称为摆脱诉讼滋扰费。
他们希望庭和解。
为终结诉讼，他们各自让步就解决争议达成协议。
环境保护
破坏环境之行为可以被法律规定为犯罪。
排泄管道直接将污染物从工厂排入河流。
根椐联邦和州的法律规定，在许多情况下都要求提供环境影响报告书。
环保与行政法紧密纠缠在一起。
环境问题直接影响人们的生活质量。
1970年，成立了一个联邦机构以协调政府的环保行为。
许多环保诉讼都涉及与政府机构的争端。
污染受法律控制，并由联邦和州各种法规强制执行。
联邦政府颁布了《水清洁法》和《空气清洁法》。
法律规定要对拟订项目对环境的潜在影响作详尽的分析。
婚姻和家庭
包办、买卖婚姻和其他任何干涉婚姻自由的行为都是被禁止的。
儿童的监护权已判给母亲。
她以婚姻关系破裂为由申请离婚。
基于丈夫的无理行为，她被允许离婚。
收养人只能收养一名子女。
法院推定扶养费是按时支付的。
按法院扶养令进行了付款。
他们的婚姻破裂，两人分居。
他们去找婚姻指导顾问。
合法的婚姻以双方合意为要件，而不因同居事实成立。
本合同未尽事宜，可由双方增补作为合同附件。
如果你要改动条款必须获得协议所有签署者的允许。
Part 21 Shipping & maritime law
1.If the carrier issues a bill of lading for which there are no goods,
the carrier is likely to be liable to the holder.
2.In case of quarantine the property may be discharged
at the risk and expense of woners into quarantine depot or elsewhere.
3.Nothing in this section shall limit the right of the carrier
to require the prepayment or guarantee of the charges.
4.The adjustment of general average is govemed by the rules agreed by the parties to it.
5.The owner or consigner shall pay the freight and average
and all other lawful charges accruing on said property.
6.The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay
of shipment of non-delivery of the goods due to force majeure.
7.The shipment came wiht fake documentation.
8.The shipper shall hold the carriers harmless from any expense they may incur.
9.The warehouse claims a lien for all lawful charges for storage and preservation of the goods.
10.Where delivery is made by a common carrier by water the foregoing provisions of this Act shall apply.
Part 22 Prosecutor
1.If prosecutorial misconduct results in a mistrial, a later prosecution may be barred.
2.In Great Britain,the Attorney General prosecutes for the Grown in certain cases.
3.In some places,public prosecutors are elected rather than appointed.
4.Not every violation of law can be prosecuted, and prosecutors have wide discretion in deciding which to prosecute and which to drop.
5.Please call your first witness,Mr.Prosecutor.
6.The district attorney was appointed to represent the state in criminal cases.
7.The independent counsel is in charge of the investigation of the political scandal.
8.The prosecuting attorney represents the government in instituting and proceeding with criminal actions.
9.The prosecutor decided to pursue the case to the end.
10.The public prosecutor must prove the defendant's act was the proximate cause of the injury.
Part 23 Traffic
1.He was booked for driving on the wrong side of the road.
2.Driving under the influence of alcohol is severely forbidden.
3.Every one should observe the traffic regulations.
4.Homicide by automobile is a special category of homicide recognized in some states.
5.Mary was fined $10 for speeding.
6.The driver had an excessive amount of alcohol in his blood.
7.The guidelines lay down rules for dealing with traffic offences.
8.The tribunal's terms of reference do not cover traffice offences.
9.The traffic court has jurisdiction over violation of statutes governing the use of roads and motor vehicles.
10.Traffic police is a section of the police concerned with problems on the roads.
Part 24 Loan &lease
1.Before the lessor signs the lease,the lessee must receive a copy of the contract.
2.Do you have sufficient cover for this loan?
3.For the loan,he could have a lien placed on your home.
4.Legitimate loan relationships are protected by law.
5.She wanted to use a loan to buy a new home.
6.The term of the loan is fifteen years.
7.We have a short lease on our current premises.
8.They were granted the lease on condition the they paid the legal costs.
9.The leases are coterminous.
10.The interest on a loan may not be deducted from the principal in advance.
Part 25
POI
1.After six hours' questioning by the police the accused man confessed.
2.At this point the police interfered.
3.He is wanted by the police.
4.The chief Constable applied for an order of mandamus directing the justices to rehear the case.
5.The confession was extracted under torture by the police.
6.The police are close to solving the crime.
7.The police were accused of tampering with the evidence.
8.The post mortem was carried out or was conducted by the police pathologist.
9.The thief surrendered himself to the police.
10.When he offered to give information to the police, he was granted immunity from prosecution.
货运和海商法
如果承运人签发空头提单，承运人有可能要对持票人承担责任。
因检疫之故可在检疫地或其他地方卸货，风险和费用由货主承担。
本条款之任何规定不得限制承运人提出支付预付费或费用担保之要求。
共同海损理算，适用当事人约定的理算规则。
货主或收货人应当支付运费、海损费以及就上述货物所发生的一切其他费用。
因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟次货，卖方不负责任。
装运发来的货物用的是伪造单据。
发货人应赔偿承运人所发生的任何费用。
仓库主张对拖欠合法仓储保管费的货物享有留置权。
如果交货人是水运公共承运人，应当适用本法律上述各项规定。
检察官
如果检察官的不轨行为导致审判无效,再行起诉可能会被除数禁止.
在英国,检察总长在某些案件中代表王室进行公诉.
在有些地方,检察官是经选举而非任命产生的.
并非所有的违法行为都要被起诉,
在决定是否起诉时检察官具有很大的自由栽量权.
检察官先生,请传你的第一位证人.
州地方检察官被任命在刑事案件中代表州政府进行公诉.
独立检察官负责调查该政治丑闻事件.
检察官代表政府提起并参与刑事诉讼.
检察官决定对此案穷追不舍.
检察官必须证明被告的行为是造成伤害的近因.
交通
他被指控占道驾驶.
严禁洒后驾车.
人人都应遵守交通规则.
汽车肇事杀人罪是一些州所规定的特定类别的非预谋杀人罪.
玛丽因超速驾车被罚款10美元.
该司机血液里的酒精过量.
基本原则规定了处理交通肇事规则.
法庭的授权调查事项不包括交通肇事罪.
交通法庭有权管辖违反道路和车辆法规的事件.
交通警察是处理道路交通问题的那部分警察.
借贷和租赁
在出租人签署租赁合同之前,承租人必须要收到合同副本.
你有这笔贷款的足够担保吗?
因为此笔贷款,他对你的住房享有留置权.
合法的借贷关系受法律保护.
她想用贷款购买新房.
贷款期限为15年.
我们有一个短期租赁现有房屋的合同.
在支付法定费用的条件下他们可获得租赁权.
这些租赁合同同时终止.
借款的利息不得预先在本金中扣除.
警察
经过警方六个小时的审问,被告供认了犯罪.
此时警方介入进来.
他是被除警方通缉者.
警察局申请获得履行职务令,以命令法官重新审理该案.
供认是警方严刑逼供得到的.
警方即将破案.
警察被指控篡改证词.
由警察病理学家进行验尸.
小偷向警方自首.
当他主动给警察提供信息时,他被免于起诉.
1.If the contract is null and void, the remedy is to rescind and to put the parties in the position in which they were prior to the attempted agreement.
2.If the statute of limitations has run,the plaintiff is without redress.
3.In pleading,a party may request alternative relief.
4.Penal redress requires full compensation of the injured person as an instrument for punishing the offender.
5.The act expressly provides for injunctive relief.
6.The classic remedy for copyright infringement is equitable relief.
7.The judge deemed it sufficient to compensate the plaintitt, making a dquitable remedy unneccessary.
8.The lender has a remedy either in court or through repossession of the car.
9.The most common of legal remedy is damages.
10.We have to consider specific performance and other equitable remedies.
Part 27 Legislation
1.A law should be amended or repealed only by the same procedures that were used to enact it.
2.A legislature has many of the same poweres as a court to support a legislative inquiry.
3.Courts often look to legislative intent for guidance in interpreting and applying a law.
4.it is the business of the judiciary to interpret the laws, not scan the authority of the lawgiver.
5.Such legislation is unconstitutional.
6.The greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation.
7.The legislative cannot transfer the power of making laws to any other hands.
8.The legislative history and the language of the law may provide indications of the legislative intent.
9.The legislative power is the supreme power in every commonwealth.
10.To carry out an objective review of current legislation is important.
Part 28 Lawyer
1.A barrister has right of audience in any court in England and Wales.
2.A lawyer shall not represent both parties involved in the same case.
3.A lawyer should assist in maintaining the integrity and competence of the legal profession.
4.A lawyer should assist in preventing the unauthorized practice of law.
5.A lawyer should assist the legal profession in fulfilling its duty to make legal counsel available.
6.A lawyer should avoid even the appearance of professional impropriety.
7.A lawyer should exercise independent professional judgment on behalf of a client.
8.A lawyer should preserve the confidences and secrets of client.
9.A lawyer should represent a client competently.
10.A lawyer should represent a client zealously within the bounds of the law.
11.Can you contact the solicitors representing the vendors?
12.Counsel is instructed to settle the defense.
13.Counsel for the plaintiff opposed the defendant's application for an adjournment.
14.Cousel for the prosecution opened with a description of the accused's family.
15.Counsel must not lead the witness.
16.Counsel pleaded the accused's age in extenuation of his actions.
17.Cousel prevailed upon the judge to arant an adjournmet.
18.Counsel questioned the reliability of the witness evidence.
19.Counsel raised a point of law.
20.Counsel stated that there was no case to answers, but the judge demurred.
21.Defense counsel made a speech in mitigation.
22.Defense counsel put his case.
23.He has set up in practice as a solecitor.
24.He is a partner in a law firm.
25.He was denied the right to see his lawyer.
26.Sould legal advice depends upon the lawyer being fully informed by the client.
27.The accused decided to dispense with the services of a lawyer.
28.The solicitor attempted to have the charge dropped.
29.The solicitor paid the fine on behalf of his client.
30.The solicitor sent an extract of the deeds.
Part 29 Contempt of court
1.At common law,conduct tending to interfere with the couse of justice in particular legal proceedings constitutes criminal contempt.
2.Because contemptuous conduct interferes with the administration of justice,it is punishable,usually by fine or imprisonment.
3.Criminal contempt is crime that is punishable by fine or imprisonment or both.
4.He is in danger of being in contempt of court.
5.He refused to obey the court order and was sent to prison for contempt.
6.His conduct tending to disregard the judge's order constituted contempt of court.
7.The judge imposed an instant fine upon the contemnor.
8.The judge's decision sets a precedent for future cases of contempt of court.
9.The lawyer was fined $500 for contempt of court.
10.The sanctions for civil contempt end upon compliance with order.
Part 30 Jury
1.Every defendant charged with a felony has a right to be charged by the Grand Jury.
2.He chose to stand trial by jury.
3.The accused made his election for jury trial.
4.The judge directed the jury to acquit all the defendants.
5.The jury brought in a verdict of not guilty.
6.The jury found him guilty and did not recommend mercy.
7.The jury has to decide whom to believe among a mass of conflicting evidence.
8.The jury reached a unanimous verdict of not guilty.
9.The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and the judge will pass sentence next week.
10.The jury was unable to reach a unanimous decision.
救济
如果合同无效,救济方法是撤销合同,
使双方当事人回复到协议签署之前的地位.
如果过了法定诉讼时效,原告将无法得到救济.
在诉辩状中,当事人可提出替换救济要求.
刑事救济规定对受害人进行充分补偿,
由此作为对罪犯的一种惩罚机制.
该法律明文规定了强制令救济.
传统的侵犯版权的救济是衡平法上的救济.
贷方有诉诸法庭或重新占有汽车两种救济方法.
贷方有诉诸法庭或重新占有汽车两种救济方法.
最常见的普通法上的救济是损害赔偿金.
我们必须考虑强制履行和其他的一些衡平法的救济.
立法
法律只有经其颁布之同样程序方能被修正或废除.
立法机关具有许多与法院相同的权力以进行立法调查.
法院经常留意立法意,以此作为解释和适用法律之指南.
法院的事务是解释法律而觊觎立法权.
此种立法是违宪的.
最大多数人的最大幸福是道德和立法的基础.
立法机关不能把制定法律的权力转让给任何其他人.
立法史和法律语言可以提供有关立法意图的线索.
立法权是第个国家中的最高权力.
对现行立法进行客观审查很重要.
律师
律师有权在英格兰和威尔士的任何法院出庭.
律师不得在同一案件中为双方当事人担任代理人.
律师应帮助维护律师界的正直及业务能力.
律师应帮助防止非法执业.
律师应帮助律师界履行其提供法律顾问的义务.
律师甚至应避免出现不正当业务现象.
律师应代表当事人独立进行法律专业判断.
律师应当为当事人保密.
律师应称职地担任当事人的代理.
律师应在法律范围内热忱为当事人代理.
你能与代表卖主的律师联系吗?
律师接受指示处理辩护事项.
原千律师反对被告的休庭申请.
起诉方律师开始发言时对被告的家庭背景做了描述.
律师不得诱导证人.
律师以被告年龄为由要求减轻其行为过错.
律师劝说法官休庭.
律师对证人证词的可靠性表示怀疑.
辩护人提出了一个法律问题.
律师声明没有必要进行答辩,但法官表示不同意.
为获判刑被告律师做了发言.
辩护律师提出他的论点.
他已是一个开业"沙律师".
他是律师事务所的合伙人.
他被剥夺了会见律师的权利.
好的法律咨询意见取决于律师是否能从当事人处获得充分信息.
被告决定不要律师的服务.
沙律师试图使原告撤诉.
沙律师代表诉讼委托人支付了罚款(金).
沙律师寄出一份契据的摘录本.
藐视法庭
在普通法上,意在干预具体法律程序的司法过程之行为将构成藐视法庭罪.
因为藐视法庭行为干扰司法职能,
故应予惩罚,通常可处罚金或监禁刑.
咆哮公堂是犯罪行为,可处罚金,监禁或并处.
他可能会犯藐视法庭罪.
他拒绝服从法院命令,因藐视法院而被收监.
他不遵从法官命令之行为构成了藐视法庭罪.
法官当即对藐视法庭者处了罚金.
法官的裁决为未来的藐视法庭案制定了一个先例.
该律师因藐视法庭罪被处500美元罚金.
对民事上的藐视法庭罪孽的惩罚在当事人遵循法院命令后即结束.
陪审团
重罪被告都有权由大陪审团审理.
他选择了陪审审判.
被告选择了由陪审团参加的审判.
法官指示陪审团裁定所有被告无罪.
陪审团作了无罪裁定.
陪审团裁定他有罪,且未提出宽大处理.
在一大堆相互抵触的证据中陪审团必须决定相信哪能一方.
陪审团一致裁决无罪.
陪审团裁定有罪,法官将于下周判刑.
陪审团未能达成意见一致的裁决.
1.A bona fide holder for value takes free from any defect inthe title of his predecessors.
2. A check cannot be accepted.
3.An endorsement by the deawee is null and void.
4.An instrument is a document of title to money.
5.Every instrument constitutes an independent contract embodying a payment obligation.
6.The bill of exchange was in its inception confine largely to the financing of foreign trade.
7.The check is payable to bearer.
8.The promissory note is a document in which A promises to pay a sum of money to B.
9.They would almost certainly be held by the court to be negotiable instruments,
albeit outside the scope of the Bills of Exchange Act.
10.This autonomy of the payment obligation is essential to the marketability of instrument.
Part 32 Bankruptcy
1.A debtor may file for bankruptcy,which is called "voluntary bankruptcy".
2.Bankruptcy protects the debtor from debt collection by creditors.
3.He was adjudicated or declared bankrupt.
4.I'm broke.
5.Insolvency matters are covered under the Bankruptcy Code.
6.The company was close to bankruptcy.
7.The company was declared insolvent.
8.The court appointed a receiver to administer and liquidate the assets of an insolvent corporation.
9.The creditors decided ot initiate a bankruptcy proceeding.
10.The debt was discharged in bankruptcy.
Part 33 Tort
1.In tort law the duty is imposed by the law.
2.Some jurisdictions have established this tort to provide a rimedy for malicious deeds.
3.Such tort-feasors are jointly and severally liable.
4.The law of tort provides rules of conduct that regulate how members fo society interact and remedies if the rules are breached and damage is suffered.
5.The law of tort aims to compensate those who have suffered as a result of a tort.
6.Tort law is a branch of civil law that is connected with civil wrongs,but not contract actions.
7.Trot liability for negligence presupposes causality between the negligent act and the injury to person or property.
8.Trots are in themselves sufficient grounds for bringing an action without the need to prove that damage has been suffered.
9.Torts can be divided into three categories depending on whether liability is based on intent, on negligence,or is absolute or strict without either intent or negligence.
10.Two of the largest categories of civil law are contract law and tort law.
Part 34 Appeal
1.Generally a party has the right to appeal any judgment to at least one higher court.
2.He applied for judicial reiview by way of certiorari.
3.He has appealed to the Supreme Court.
4.He lost his appeal to the House of Lords.
5.The appeal court dismissed the appeal by wasy of case stated.
6.The appeal court overrode the decision of the lower court.
7.The appeal court quashed the verdict.
8.The appeal court reduced the fine imposed by the magistrates and released the sentence to seven year's imprisonment.
9.The Appeal Court rejiected the appeal on a tenchnicality.
10.The appeal from the court order will be heard next month.
11.The appeal judge held that the defendant was not in breach of his statutory duty.
12.The appeal was adjourned for affidavits to be obtained.
13.The appeal was rejected by the House of Lords.
14.The applicant sought judicial review to quash the bin-dover order.
15.The Bill proposes that any party to the proceedings may appeal.
16.The Court of Appeal has confirmed the judge's decision.
17.The Court of Appeal ordered a retrial.
18.The applicant sought judicial review to quash the order.
19.The litigants may appeal against a judgment or a ruling derived from the retrial.
20.We will appeal the decision to a higher court.
Part 35 Trial
1.A case is only authority for what it actually decides.
2.A judgment msut be impartial.
3.All legal systems have a rule that a judicial determination of a case is final.
4.Before trial the defendant may move to dismiss the case on the ground that the facts alleged do not constitute a crime.
5.Do not wait for the last judgment,it takes place everyday.
6.He was acquitted of the crime.
7.He was committed for trial in the Central Criminal Court.
8.He was sentenced to five years,but should serve only three with remission.
9.He was sentenced to two periods of years in prison, the sentences to run concurrently.
10.He was tried for murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.
11.Judgment was entered for the plaintiff.
12.Now the court is in session.
13.Order in the court.
14.She was awarded substantial damages.
15.The adjudicator has to decide impartially between the two parties.
16.The case is listed to heard next week.
17.The clerk to the justices read out the indictment.
18.The case has been stood over to next week.
19.The court adjourned for a ten-minute break.
20.The hearing proceeded after the protesters were removed from the courtroom.
21.The hearings were held in camera.
22.The hearing was held up while counsel argued over procedural problems.
23.The offence carries a maximum sentence of two year's imprisonment.
24.The power to hear cases is called jurisdiction.
25.The trial lasted six days.
26.The trial took place in the absence of the defendant.
27.The clerk of the court read out the charges.
28.The objective of the pre-trial hearing is to shorten the actual trial time without infringing upon the rights of either party.
29.They all stood up when the judges entered the courtroom.
30.To give him a fair and impartial hearing is of great importance.
票据
有价证券善持有人有受前手所有权缺陷的影响。
支票不得承兑。
付款人背书无效。
票据是代表金钱支付权利的文据。
每张票据都构成一份独立的体现支付义务的合同。
汇票最初主要限于在外贸金融活动中使用。
向持票人付款的支票。
本票是规定甲方向乙方支付一笔款额的一种文据。
尽管不在《汇票法》规定之内，但法院几乎肯定将它们裁定为是流通票据。
支付义务的自动履行对票据的可流通性非常重要。
破产
债务人可以申请破产，这叫做“自愿破产”。
破产程序保护债务人免受债权人的讨债。
他被宣判或宣布破产。
我破产了。
资不抵债事项由《破产法典》调整。
公司接近破产。
公司被宣布无清偿能力。
法院指定了一个接管人以管理和清算破产公司的资产。
债权人决定提起破产之诉。
在破产中债务被解除。
侵权
在侵权法中，责任是由法律规定的。
有些司法管辖区规定了此种侵权行为，目的是对恶意行为受害人提供救济。
此种侵权行为为要承担共同和连带责任。
侵权行为法提供行为规则，规范社会成员的相互交往
以及在该规则被违反和损害发生是，如何进行救济。
侵权行为法的目的在于补偿被侵害人。
侵权法属于民法的一部分，其与民事过错相关，与合同行为无关。
过失侵权责任以过失行为与对人身或财产的侵权之间的因果关系为前提。
侵权本身足民构成起诉某人的证据，无须证明遭受了损失。
侵权可根据侵权责任的不同分为三类，
故意侵权责任，过失侵权责任，绝对侵权责任或无过错严格侵权责任。
民法中最大两个类别是合同法和侵权法。
上诉
通常当事人对任何判决至少一次上诉权。
他申请用签发调卷令的方法获得司法审查。
他向最高法院上诉。
他在向上院提起的上诉中败诉。
上诉法院以书面审理下级法院的判案陈述方法驳回上诉。
上诉法院撤销了下级法院的裁决。
上诉法院撤消了裁决。
上诉法院减少了治安官所处的罚金，并将刑期减少到七年。
上诉法院驳回了就技术细节问题的上诉。
不服法院判决的上诉将于下月审理。
上诉法院法官裁定被告没有不履行他的法定职责。
为获得宣誓证明书，上诉被推迟。
上院拒绝受理上诉。
申请人请求司法审理以便废除责令某人守法的命令。
议案建议讼任何一方都可以上诉。
上诉法院维持了一审法官的判决。
上诉法院命令重审。
申请人寻求司法复审以撤消命令。
当事人可就重审案件的判决或裁定进行上诉。
我方不服判决，要向一级法院上诉。
审判
判例只能用作实际判决事项的法律依据。
判决必须公正。
所有法律制度的规则都是将司法判作为最终手段。
审判前，被告方可以所控事实不构成犯罪为自由权，要求撤销案件。
审判永无终止，每天都在发生。
他被宣判无罪。
他被带到中央刑事法院受审。
他被判了五年徒刑，但减刑后仅服刑三年。
他被判处两个两年的徒刑，该判决合执行。
他因谋杀而受审并被判处终生监禁。
判决原告胜诉。
现在开庭。
法庭内保持肃静。
她被判给予巨额损害赔偿金。
判决者必须在双方当事人中做公正的裁决。
该案已被安排在下周审理。
书记员宣读了刑事起诉书。
案子的审理被推迟到下个星期进行。
休庭10分钟。
抗议者被逐出法庭后审理继续进行。
审判秘密进行。
当律师分争论程序问题时，审理被停止。
该罪行可最多可判处两年监禁。
审理案件的权力称为审判权。
审判延续了六天。
审判在被告缺席的情况下进行。
书记员宣读了控告书。
预审程序的目的在于缩短实际审理的时间而不侵犯双方当事人的权利。
当法官进入法庭进他们全部起立。
让他获得公下和无偏见的审理是很重要的。
1.An income tax deduction si allowed for bad debt.
2.Filing a false tax return is under the penalties of perjury to taxing authorities.
3.He was convicted of tax evasion.
4.It is the duty of citizens to pay taxes in accordance with the law.
5.Some state statutes impose special taxes, usually in the form of stamp tax,on sales of stock.
6.The federal income tax is governed by the Internal Revenue Code.
7.The tax court has jurisdiction over questions of law and fact arising under the tax laws.
8.The tax is assessed as a percentage of the assigned value of a corporation's capital stock.
9.The tax is levied without statutory authority.
10.The tax ruling has retrospective effect.
Part 37 Death penalty
1.A sentencing judge is required to consider any mitigating circumstances before imposing the death penalty.
2.Capital punishment for murder is based on the idea that if a person kills someone,
he must pay with his own life.
3.Death penalty is usually imposed because of some type of gross misconduct.
4.He was executed by firing squad.
5.He was guilty of a capital crime.
6.He was sentenced to death but was reprieved by the president.
7.The death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.
8.The prisoners were condemmed to death.
9.The punishment for treason is death.
10.They argued about whether the statute mandating the death penalty is unconstitutional.
Part 38 Pleading
1.A lawsuit begins with the filing of a complaint.
2.A pleading is a legal document filed with the court that sets forth the position and contentions of a party.
3.An answer usually sets forth the defendant's defenses and counterclaims.
4.Certain defenses may be made by motin rather than included in the answer.
5.In some circumstances,a party must obtain the court's permission to amend its complaint.
6.Pleadings must be submitted to the court when the action is set down for trail.
7.The defendant was given a copy fo information before he was called upon to plead.
8.The indictment was incorrectly worded.
9.The statement of claim was stuck out because it disclosed no cause of action.
10.This complaint or pleading is a statement of the charge against the defendant and the remedy sought,typically money damages.
Part 39 Litigation
1.A litigant generally must make a motion in writing.
2.A party must be given fair motie fo the case made against him.
3.Agree,for the law is costly.
4.An action is not given to one who is not injured.
5.As already suggested,lawsuits do not begin themselves.
6.He brought a libel action.
7.He had to resort to threats of court action to get repayment.
8.I am afraid you will to be charged for damages.
9.I am sorry we have to charge for damages.
10.If the law has other provisions concerning limitation of action,those provisions shall apply.
11.If there is a prosecution the onus will normally be on the prosecutor to prove the case.
12.Inspection was ordered to take place seven days after discovery.
13.It is a case of accidental death.
14.No right of action can have its origin in fraud.
15.Possession is nine points of the law.
16.She decided to go to law against her husband to have the dispute settled.
17.The case represents a new development in the law of libel.
18.The judicial process deals not with abstract questions or hypothetical situations but with actual controversies between real parties.
19.The prosecution in a criminal case has to establish beyond reasonable doubt
that the accused committed th crime.
20.Win your lawsuit and lose your money.
Part 40 Costs
1.Costs of the case will be borne by the defendant.
2.Costs will be shared equally between the two paties.
3.The amount of costs payable by one party to another may be fixed by rules or determined by way of assessment.
4.The cost of litigation will be more affordable and predictable.
5.The court ordered the costs to be taxed if not agreed.
6.The defendants successfully obtained the dismissal of an appeal but were awarded no costs.
7.The judge awarded costs to the defendant.
8.The party receiving costs may obtain some of those costs at an early stage.
9.The paying party is often required to pay the receiving party a sum which is less than the sum the winner has to pay his own legal representative.
10.There are two bases upon which the court may assess the amount of costs recoverable.
税收
坏账在计算所得税时可作为一个抵减项。
提交虚假税收申请表将以对税务当局作伪证论处。
他因逃税被定罪。
公民有依照法律纳税的义务。
有些州的法规对股票销售征收特种税，
通常是以印花税的形式征收。
联邦所得税事项由《国内税收法典》调 整。
税务法院对因税法而产生的法律和事实问题具有管辖权。
此税是按公司股份总额的百分比予以征收。
征收此税缺乏法律依据。
该税务裁定具有溯及力。
死刑
在处死刑之前，要求量刑法官必须考虑是否有任何减轻罪行之情节。
针对谋杀的死刑判决是基于这样一个理念
：如果一个杀死了某人，他必须用自已的生命作为补偿。
死刑经常只对某类别的严重犯罪惩处。
他被行刑队处决。
他犯了死刑。
他被判处死刑但被总统下令缓期执行。
死刑减成终身监禁。
囚犯们被判死刑。
对叛国罪的处罚是处死。
他们就规定死刑的法规是否违宪进行争论。
诉辩状
诉讼从提交诉状开始。
诉辩状是向法院提交的，陈述当事人立场和主张的法律文书。
辩护状通常写也被告的答辩和反诉。
某些辩护可以动议提出，而不是包括在答辩状中。
在某些情况下，当事人必须经法院许可方能修改其诉讼。
当案件确定正式审判后，诉辩状必须呈交法院。
被告在被传唤进行辩护之前收到一份警方起诉书副本。
刑事诉状的措辞不正确。
因未说明诉因，该起诉被取消。
诉状是对被告进行指控和寻求救济的陈述，这种救济一般是指金钱赔偿救济。
诉讼
诉讼当事人通常必须作出书面申请。
当事人应当被合理告知其被指控的理由。
私了吧，诉论太费钱。
非受害者无权进行诉论。
正如常所说，诉论不会自动开始。
他提起诽谤之诉。
他不得不用诉讼相威胁以求获得偿还。
恐怕你要受到索赔指控。
对不起，我们得提起索赔之诉。
法律对诉讼时效另有规定，依照法律规定。
如果起诉，通常由起诉人负责证明案件成立。
证据开示程序完成后的第七天法院命令对文件进行检查。
此是一个意外事故死亡案。
欺诈不能产生诉权。
有财势者在诉讼中总占上风。
她决定去法院起诉丈夫以解决争端。
案情代表了反诽谤法的新动向。
司法程序解决的不是抽象问题或假想情形，
而是真实的当事人之间的事实之意间的事实在争端。
在刑事案件中，控方必须毫无疑义地确认被告犯了罪。
赢了官司输了钱。
诉讼费
讼案费用由被告承担。
诉讼费由双方当事人平均分担。
一方当事人向另一方事人支付诉讼费数额可按规定或经评估确定。
诉讼费将更注重民众经济能力，更具有可能预见性。
法院命令如果达不成协议诉讼费用由法院评定。
被告们成功地让法院驳回了上诉，但却没得任何诉讼费。
法官判由原告向被告支付诉讼费。
应获得诉讼费的一方当事人可预先得到该诉讼费的一部分。
支付方向受付方支付的款额经常要少于胜诉方必须支付的法律代现费数额。
法院可基于两点来评估当事人应获得的诉讼费数额。
1.A person may own land notwithstanding that another has an easement, such as a right of way,over it.
2.A person in possession is not bound to prove that the possessions belong him.
3.He is the de jure owner of the property.
4.His title to the property is defective.
5.Marital property is the same as community property and is divided equally upon divorce.
6.One independent object can only and only needs to establish one property right.
7.One should enjoy his property in such a manner as not to injure that of another person.
8.Ownership has been described as"the entirety of powers of use and disposal allowed by law".
9.Ownership in indivision is ended by a partition of the property.
10.The ownership of the company has passed to bank.
Part 42 Agency
1.Both express authority and implied authority can create agency.
2.Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents.
3.He was acting in a fiduciary capacity.
4.Legal ownership rests with the trustee, and equitable ownership rests with the beneficiary.
5.She was empowered by the company to sign the contract.
6.The agent is empowered to sell the property.
7.The agreement covers all agencies.
8.The principal may be obligated as if it had expressly granted the authority to agent.
9.They signed an agency agreement.
10.The third party and the agent shall be held jointly liable.
Part 43 Juvenile delinquency
1.A child is considered legally incapable of committing a crime.
2.All juvenile records are closed and confidential at the court's discretion.
3.Being a minor,he would not be charged as an adult for a criminal act.
4.Having taken the age of the accused into consideration,
the court has decided to give him a suspended sentence.
5.A Person who has reached the age of fourteen but not the age of eighteen who commits a crimeshall be given a lesser punishment or a mitigated punishment.
6.The appeal court quashed the care order made by the juvenile court.
7.The emphasis in juvenile courts is upon rehabilitation of youthful offenders rather than punishment.
8.The juvenile court may expunge or destroy the records of a juvenile at any time.
9.The juvenile delinquent was sent to the reformatory.
10.When the offense was committed,he was under the age of majority.
Part 44 Consumer's right
1.Can I bring criminal charges against a seller for an anti-consumer action?
2.Consumers are entitled to choose their own commodities or services.
3.He sought to hold the manufacturer of the article liable for defects.
4.If the seller of goods does not live up to the standards of conduct and performance set by the licensing agency,loss of license can result.
5.The consumer will enjoy increasing protection by the law.
6.The Federal Trade Commission has the broadest consumer protection duties.
7.The fraud case has been covered by the consumer protection legislation.
8.The law also provides that the consumer has the right to cancel any door-to-door contract.
9.This law has been formulated to protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.
10.When a consumer suit is won, the seller is likely to be required to pay damages.
Part 45 Trust
1.A trust can be presumed by operation of law.
2.A trust may be created orally,but usually is set up in a written form.
3.He left his property in trust for his daguhter.
4.He will be found liable if he assists a trustee to commit a dishonest breach of trust.
5.The court appointed a bankruptcy trustee to administer the property a debtor.
6.The trust instrument msut identify the trust property, the trustee,and the beneficiariess,and state the terms of the trust.
7.The trustee must manage the trust property for the beneficiary.
8.To the beneficiary the trustee owes a fiduciary duty.
9.Trusts developed out of the old English use.
10.Whereas the property is held in trust for the appellant.
所有权
一个人可拥有土地，尽管他人对土地具有地役权，诸如通行权。
占有者无须证明自已为物主。
他是财产的注定所有权人。
他的产权具有瑕疵。
夫妻财产也同样属于共同财产，离婚时应作平均分配。
一物只能且只须有一个产权。
享有自已的财产应以不损害他人的利益为限。
所有权被称作是“法定使用权和处置权的集合体。”
未分财产的所有权经财产分割即告疑终结。
公司的所有权已经移交银行。
委托代理
明示授权和默示授权都能产生代理。
公民、法人可以通过代理人实施民事法律行为。
他以受托人身份行为。
受托人享有普通法上的所有权，受益人享有衡平法了的所有权。
她被公司授权签署此项合同。
代理人受权出售该财产。
该协议包括所有代理。
被代理人可能要承担他原本未明确授权给代理人之责任。
他们签订了一项代理协议。
第三人和代理人应负连带责任。
未成年人违法
未成年人在法律上被视为无犯罪能力的。
法庭有权裁量将任何未成年人的违法记录进行保密。
作为未成年人，他将不会因犯罪行为像成人一样被起诉。
考虑到被告的年龄，法院决定给他缓期处刑。
已满14周岁但未满18周岁的人犯罪，应当从轻或者减轻处罚。
上诉法院废除了少年法院签发的监护。
少年法庭的重心是使青少年违者回归社会而非惩罚。
少年法庭可在任何时候删除或者销毁未成年人的记录。
该少年违者被关进教养院改造。
犯罪时他还未成年。
消费者权益
对销售者反对消费者的行为我可以提起刑事诉讼吗？
消费者有权挑选商品和服务。
他企图追究制造者对瑕疵产品的责任。
如果商品销售者没有达到发证机构制定的行为和表现标准，
可能会导致吊销许可证的后果。
消费者受到的法律保护将越来越多。
联邦贸易委员会具有最广泛的保护消费者权益的职责。
欺诈案已被包括在消费者保护立法之中。
法律还规定消费者人权撤销任何送货上门买卖合同。
为保护消费者的合法权益特制定本法。
当消费者权益保护之诉胜诉，卖方可能不得不支付赔偿金。
信托
信托关系可以法律推定成立。
信托关系可以口关建立，但一般却是经书面文件形式建立。
他将财产交他人为自已的女儿托管。
如果他帮助受托人不诚实地违反信托，他将被判处承担法律责任。
法院指定一名破产财产托管人以管理债务人的财产。
信托文件必须确认信托财产、受托人和受益人，并写明信托条款。
受托人必须受益人管理信托财产。
受托人对受益人负有信托义务。
信托源于古老的英国惯例。
鉴于财产是为上诉人托管的。
1.Criminal punishment ought to be based upon blameworthiness only, and not imposed upon those connot be blamed.
2.Guilt always hurries towards its complement, i.e.punishment,only there does its satisfaction lie.
3.He was kept in solitary confinement for a week.
4.If the prosecution can prove that the defendant acted "for purpose of commercial advantage",the maximum sentence is five years in prison.
5.Legal circumstances and consideration circumstances show no difference and work in coordination in the course of discretion of punishment.
6.No one can be punished twice for the same offence.
7.Punishment is justice for the unjust.
8.Punishment ought to be inflicted upon the guilty,and not upon others.
9.The goal of punishment should be to reform the criminal so that he will not commit a crime again.
10.That justice with absolutely prevents a crime is better than that which severely punishes it.
part 47 Criminal law principles
1.An act is not a crime unless the law says it is one.
2.An essential function of the criminal law is to define the boundary between what conduct is criminal and what is merely immoral.
3.Criminal Law is not only the Magra Carta of the innocent, but also the Magra Carta which makes the sinner.
4.Divine punishments though slow,are alwasy sure.
5.Duress provides no defense to a charge of murder.
6.Justifiable defense is the act being exempted from crimes.
7.Prevention and punishment are essential reasons why we have criminal law and a criminal justice system.
8.No crime without a law.
9.No one can be forced to incriminate himself.
10.Penal statutes must not be given retroactive effect.
Part 48 Criminal investigation
1.After the judge dismissed the case, the police refused to investigate further.
2.Ballistics was used in the criminal case to determine the gun's firing capacity.
3.Investigating detention is constitutional only if probable cause exists.
4.Investigating power was used to compel the bank to disclose some facts.
5.The coroner found that the death was not due to natural causes.
6.The investigating magistrate is thus a kind of quasi-judge standing halfway
between the prosecutor and the court.
7.The law has been made obsolete by new developments in forensic science.
8.The police have power to hold a suspect during the investigation of his participation in a crime.
9.The police investigated the suspect's involvement in the murder.
10.The policeman found the man was a fugitive during a stop and frisk for weapons.
Part 49 Transaction
1.A corporation shall conduct operations within the range approved and registered.
2.A transaction between two parties shouldn't operate to the disadvantage of a third party.
3.Goods will be supplied within thirty days of receipt of order.
4.In the case fo goods,the seller must act in good faith.
5.Invoices are payable within thirty days of receipt.
6.Is there any red tape involved in starting up any form fo business?
7.The payment has to countersigned by the mortgagor.
8.The sale of goods acts only apply to the sale of goods and have no application when services are provided.
9.We are pleased to inform you that you offer has been accepted.
10.You should repay before the expiration of the stated period.
Part 50 Medical care
1.A surgery conformed to standard practice is not medical malpractice.
2.Thought it is not malpractice,you still have recourse under the law.
3.The arrangement you make with a plastic surgeon should be deemed as a contract.
4.Legally,a doctor commits medical malpractice when he departs from standard practice.
5.Your pregnancy is not the result of the doctor's malpractice.
6.Should an injury result from nonstandard practice,
a malpractice claim for damages could be made.
7.The doctor negligent of his duty may face not only a malpractice suit but also a criminal indictment.
8.Misdiagnosis may be malpractice.
9.A doctor is responsible for the actions of his staff.
10.The death of the patient because of her doctor's choice of C-section was not medical malpractice in and of itself.
刑罚
刑罚只能建立在可责性的基础上，不可责者不应受罚。
犯罪总很快得到相应的惩罚，只有处罚才能使犯罪得到偿还。
他被单独监禁了一周。
如控方能够证明被告的行为系“以商业利益目的”则最高刑罚是监禁五年。
在量刑裁定上，法定情节和酌定情节具有一致性和功能互补性。
一罪不二罚。
惩罚是对正义的伸张。
刑罚应依据罪行而不立依据其他因素。
刑罚的目的应该是改造罪犯使其不再犯罪。
从根本了防范犯罪的司法体制好于严厉惩罚犯罪的体制。
刑法原则
法无明文规定者不为罪。
刑法的本质功能在于明确了犯罪行为与公非道德行为的界限。
刑法既是善良人的《大宪章》，也是犯罪人的《大宪章》。
天网恢恢，疏而不漏。
受到胁迫不能成为谋杀指控之抗辩。
正当防卫不属于犯罪行为。
预防和处罚犯罪是制订和建立司法体系的主要原因。
法无明文规定者不为罪。
任何人不得被强制自证其罪。
刑法不得溯及既往。
刑事侦察
法官驳回此案后，警方拒绝作进一步侦破。
在该刑事案件中人们运用弹道学原理来确定枪的发射力。
只有在合理依据成立时，非正式侦破性拘押才不是违法的。
人们运用侦察权以强迫银行披露某些事实。
死因调查官发现该死亡不属于自然死亡。
由此，预审治安官是位于检察官和法官之间的一种标准法官。
法医学的新发展使该法过时。
在调查嫌疑犯是否参加期间，警方有权拘押嫌疑犯。
警方调查嫌疑犯与谋杀的干系。
在拦截和搜查武器时，警察发现该人是个逃犯。
业务交易
公司应当在核准登记的经营范围内从事经营。
两方当事人之间的交易不得对第三方不利。
在收到定单后30天内供货。
货物的卖方须善间行为。
发票收到后30天内付款。
开办企业有何法律规定？
该付款必须有抵押人的会签。
货物买卖法仅适用于货物的买卖而不适用于提供服务。
我们高兴地通知你方：你们的发盘已被接受。
你应该在规定日期结束前付款。
医疗保健
遵守标准惯例的手术不能算作医疗事故。
尽管其不算医疗事故，你仍然可以依法得到救济。
你与整洁外科医生的协议应被视为是合同。
从法律角度上讲，医生背离标准惯例则构成医疗失职。
你的怀孕不能归咎于医生的失职。
如果伤害是因非标准治疗引起，你可以提起医疗事故之索赔主张。
玩忽职守的医生人仅会遭受失职之诉，而且还可能受到刑事指控。
误诊可能是一种失职行为。
医生应当对他的助手的行为负责。
该病人因其医生选择剖腹产而死亡一事其本身并非医疗失职行为。
1.A will needs the signature of the testator and two witnesses.
2.He bequeathed his shares to his daughter.
3.He was named executor of his brother's will.
4.He would like part of his estate to go to relatives other than his immediate family.
5.Hereby revoke all former wills,codicils and testamentary dispositions made by me
and declare to be my last will and testament.
6.She died without issue.
7.The main beneficiaries of the will are the deceased's family.
8.The will was signed in the presence of two witnesses.
9.You can disinherit your children.
10.Your possessions will be distributed by the state under its statute of descent if you die without a will.
Part 52 Plaintiff &defendant
1.The accused admitted six other offences.
2.The accused had no criminal record.
3.The accused throughout is presumed to be innocent unless he admits the offence or until he is proved beyond reasonable doubt to be guilty.
4.The accused was convicted of murder and will be sentenced next week.
5.The accused was found to be innocent.
6.The case proceeded notwithstanding the objections of the defendant.
7.The defendant applied for an extension of time in which to serve her defense.
8.The defendant asked permission to address the court.
9.The defendant entered defense of justification.
10.The defendant has the right to file a counter-suit.
11.The defendant has applied for an adjounment.
12.The defendant is in breach of his statutory duty.
13.The defendant prevailed in the case.
14.The defendant was in court for three hours.
15.The defense attorney's objection was overruled by the judge.
16.The lack of good will was evidenced by the defendant's behavior in the witness stand.
17.The plaintiff is seeking remedy through the courts.
18.The relief the plaintiff sought was an injunction and damages.
19.The plaintiff's account and defendant's response were filed with a master in chancery.
20.The respondent was not acting bona fide.
Part 53 Duty
1.A duty is an obligation of law imposed on a person to perform or refrain from performing a certain act.
2.A person who causes harm in exercising justifiable defense shall not bear vivil liability.
3.Failure to observe the code does not render anyone liable to proceedings.
4.If two or more persons jointly infringe upon another person's rights and cause him damage,the shall bear joint liability.
5.Ignorance of fact excuses.
6.The amount of damages is governed by the seriousness of the injuries suffered.
7.The customer is liable for breakages.
8.They are jointly and severally liable.
9.Will the new law free owners from responsibility to their tenants?
10.What are the grounds for the claim for damages?
Part 54 Gift
1.A donation of $1 million has been presented to the sufferers by a wealthy lady.
2.A gift is a present transfer of property by one person to another without any consideration or compensation.
3.A gift to "my child" that does not set out the children's name is a class gift.
4.Capacity of donor is one of the essential requisites of "gift".
5.In the case of a gift the thing itself passes to the donee.
6.Only a complete gift is taxable under the gift tax.
7.payment of gift tax is the obligation of the donor,not the recipient.
8.The gift is subject to the federal unified transfer tax.
9.The gift must be made with a view to the donor's present illness or peril.
10.The gift was made subject to certain conditions imposed on the recipient.
Part 55 Debt
1.A debtor is a person or an entity that is the subject of a bankruptcy action.
2.He is primarily liable for his debts.
3.He was imprisoned for debt.
4.If no payment of the debt is made,the party may be sued.
5.The balance sheet shows the corporation's assets and liabilities.
6.The captain will not be responsible for any debts contracted by the crew.
7.The company collects debts for other companies for a commission.
8.The company had to borrow heavily to repay its debts.
9.The firm stopped trading with debts of over $1 million.
10.The judgment debtor was given fourteen days in which to show cause why the charging order shoud not be made absolute.
遗嘱和继承
一份遗嘱需要立遗嘱人和两个证人签字.
他将他的份额遗赠给他的女儿.
他被提名做他兄弟的遗嘱执行人.
他宁愿奖其部分遗产赠与远亲而非近亲属.
在此特撤销本人以前订立之所有遗嘱,遗嘱修订附件及按遗嘱进行的产权处置,并宣布本遗嘱为人最终之遗嘱.
她死后无嗣.
遗嘱的主要受益人是死者的家庭成员.
本遗嘱是在两位证人面前签署的.
你可以剥夺子女的继承权.
如一个人无遗嘱死亡,其财产将按州的法定继承法规予以处置.
原告和被告
被告承认其他六个犯罪行为.
被告没有前科.
在招认犯罪或毫无疑义地被证实有罪之前,被告都应被推定无罪.
被告已被定谋划杀罪并于下周判刑.
被告被判无罪.
尽管被告反对,诉讼照常进行.
被告申请延长她送答辩状的时间.
被告要求允许他在法庭讲话.
被告用被控行为正当为由进行辩护.
被告有权提起反诉.
被告提出休庭申请.
被告未履行他的法定义务.
被告胜诉.
被告被法庭审了三个小时.
被告辩护律师提出的反对意见被法官驳回.
被告在证人席的行为显示其缺乏善意.
原告正通过法院寻求救济.
原告请求的救济为强制令和损害赔偿金.
原告的指控和被告的辩护被提交给了司法衡平法院的主事官.
被告的行为不真诚.
责任
责任是法律所规定的一个人为或不为之义务.
因正当防卫造成损害的,不承担民事责任.
违反该法典者并不承担诉讼责任.
两人以上共同侵权造成他损害的,应当承担共同责任.
不知情可作为免责的理由.
损失赔偿金取决于所遭损失的严重程度.
顾客对破损承担法律责任.
他们应承担共同和连带责任.
新法将免除所有人对承租人承担的责任吗?
提出损害赔偿金要求的根据是什么?
赠与
一个有钱的太太向受难者捐赠了100美元.
赠与是一方不考虑任何对价或补偿而现实的转移财产所有权予另一方.
不具体写明子女姓名,只写出赠与"我的子女"之赠与是概括赠与.
赠与人的行为能力是"赠与"的一个重要前提.
就赠与而言,赠物本身要交付给受赠人.
根据赠与税规定,只有完全赠与才应纳税.
交纳赠与税的义务在赠与人而非受赠人.
该赠与应交纳联邦统一转让税.
该赠与必须是在赠与人目前生病或遇到危险时作出.
此赠与附有受赠人必须遵守的某些条件.
债务
破产债务人是指作为破产诉讼主体的一个人或一实体.
他对债务负有主要责任.
他因债务而入狱.
如不偿俩,该当事人可能会被起诉.
资产负债表说明了公司的资产和债务情况.
船长不得对船员所欠的任何债务负责.
该公司为其他公司讨债以收取佣金.
该公司只能大量供货以偿还债务.
企业因负债100万美元而停止贸易.
给判定债务人14天的时间以证明债权人提出的扣押偿债令申请不能成立之理由.
1.A contractor bidding for a construction is required to prepare many bid documents.
2.All bids are kept secret until the winning bid is announced.
3.All bids must be accompanied by a bid bond or bank guarantee of two per cent of total bid price.
4.Each bid is submitted in writing and is referred to as a sealed bid.
5.For the open bid ,bidders may revise their bids repeatedly.
6.I regret to inform you that your tender was not acceptable.
7.The bidder withdrew his bid after submission of his bid.
8.The company bid $5 million for the contract to build the bridge.
9.The firm decided to bid on the new subway.
10.We decided to invite tender for the project.
Part 57 Evidence
1.A confession made in court is of greater importance than all proof.
2.All the evidence points to arson.
3.At the trial,all witnesses are required to attend the court.
4.Discovery is the process of uncovering each party's documents to the other before a hearing starts.
5.He attempted to rebut the assertions made by the prosecution witness.
6.His case was not helped by the evidence of the expert witness.
7.Inadmissible hearsay evidence was expunged from the report.
8.Is there enough evidence to prosecute?
9.Just because evidence is relevant does not mean that it is admissible.
10.Most people are competent to give evidence.
11.None of the aforementioned evidence shall serve as the basis of establishment of facts before it has been ascertained and verified.
12.Reliabitity of eyewitness evidence is never absolute.
13.She was ruled a hostile witness by the judge.
14.The chief method is to take depositions of parties and witnesses.
15.The confession was not admitted in court,because the accused claimed it had been extorted.
16.The evidence of the wife conflicts with that of her husband.
17.The new evidence changed the direction of the hearing .
18.The objection is sustained,and the witness will not answer the question.
19.The onus of proof is on the plaintiff.
20.The people's court shall collect and examine evidence comprehensively and objectivedly.
21.The testimony of one witness is equivalent to the testimony of none.
22.The witness's evidence is a mass of contradictions.
23.The witness's statement does not agree with that of the accused.
24.The witness was unable to provide corroboration of what he had told the police.
25.There can be no application of the parole evidence rule unless there is a written contract.
26. We are waiting for the judge to rule on the admissiblility of the defense evidence.
27.Which evidence will prevail?
28.Witnesses are weighed,not numbered.
29.Witnesses must testify in person and be subject to cross-examination.
30.You have the right to remain silent,but anything you say can be used against you in the court.
Part 58 Securities
1.A security involues some form of investment contract.
2.A security is the evidence of indebtedness
or certificate of interest in a profit sharing contract.
3.A stock subscription is an agreement to buy a specific number and kind of shares when they are issued by the corporation.
4.His portfolio contains shares in the major steel companies.
5.Securties differ from most other commodities in which people deal.
6.Securites become a kind of currency,traded in the socalled "secondary market" at fluctuating price.
7.Shares in the company are traded on the Stock Market.
8.The harm from insider trading is the interference with the disclosure of corporate information.
9.The securities markets are important national assets that must be preserved and strengthened.
10.The value of a bond,note or other promise to pay depends on the financial condition of the promisor.
Part 59 Intellectual property
1.A patent is a governmental grant of an exclusive monopoly as an incentive and a reward for a new invention.
2.Goods that must bear a registered trademark may not be marketed unless an application therefore has been approved.
3.It is illegal to take copies of a copyright work.
4.Selling deliberately a commodity whose registered trademark is falsely used may constitute a crime.
5.The court granted the plaintiff an injunction restraining the defendant from breaching copyright.
6.The reproduction of copyright material without the permission of the copyright holder is banned by law.
7.The sale of pirated discs has been banned.
8.To be patentable an invention must be novel,useful and non-obvious.
9."Utility Model"means any new technical solution relating to the shape,the structure,or their combination,of a product,which is fit for practical use.
10.Unauthorized use of the registered trademarks of others is illegal.
Part 60 Arbitration
1.An arbitration board was fomed to hear adn decide the dispute according to the rules of arbitration.
2.Any dispute or difference arising out of or in connection with this contract shall be determined by arbitration.
3.Any issue of public policy is outside the scope of arbitration.
4.Arbitration can sometimes be cheaper and quicker than litigation.
5.An Arbitrator is a neutral person who resolves disputes between parties.
6.The arbitrator issued a final decision regarding the meaning of the contractual terms.
7.The arbitrator's award was set aside appeal.
8.The clause provides that the parties will submit any dispute to arbitration rather than litigation.
9.They agreed to arbitrate their dispute.
10.When the parties cannot agree on contractual terms,an arbitrator decides.
招投标
参与建筑工程投标的承包商要准备许多投标文件。
所有标书都予保密，直至宣布中标。
所有投标文件必须连同占投标部份 2%的投标保证金或银行保函一起提交.
第份标书都以局面形式提交,并被视为密封投标.
对于开放式招标,投标者们可以反复修改自己的标书.
我遗憾地通知贵方,你们的投标不能被接受.
投标者在投标之后撤销了投标书.
该公司以500万美元竞标大桥建设合同.
该企业决定参加新地铁的竞标.
我们决定为该工程招标.
证据
庭上招认,远胜诸证.
所有证据表明是纵火.
在审理过程中,所有证人都应到庭.
证据开示是指审判之前各方将自己的书证披露给对方的一种程序.
他试图反驳控方证人所作的断言.
专家证人的证据没有给该案帮上忙.
从报告中删除不可采信的传闻证据.
有没有起诉的足够证据?
证据仅仅具有关联性并不意味着它便具有可采性.
多数人都有资格提供证据.
上述证据必须查证属实,才能作为认定事实的根据.
目击证人的证据并非绝对可靠.
她被法官裁定是敌意证人.
主要的方法是录取当事人和证人的宣誓证言.
因为衽声称逼供,故供认未被法庭采信.
妻子的证据与丈夫的相悖.
新证据改变了审讯的方向.
反对有效,证人可不对问题做回答.
证明责任在于原告.
人民法院应当全面,客观地搜集和调查证据.
一人作证等于无人作证.
证人的证据矛盾百出.
证人的陈述与被告不一致.
证人无法证实他对警方的陈述.
除非有局面合同,否则不得适用口头证据规则.
我们在等待法官对被告方证据的可采性做出裁决.
哪一样证据会被采信,
证据重质不重量.
证人必须亲自出庭凭证并接受双方讯问.
你有权保持沉默但你所说的第句话都可能成为在法庭上不利于你的证据.
证券
证券涉及某种形式的投资合同。
证券是一个分享利润的合同的债权凭证或权益证明。
认购股票书是在公司发行股票时购买具体数额和种类的股票的协议。
他的投资组合包括在大钢铁公司的股票。
证券不同于人们所交易的多数商品。
证券变成一种货币，在所谓的“第二市场”以波动价格予以交易。
该公司的股票在证券交易所进行交易。
幕后交易所致的损害是对公司信息的披露之干扰。
证券市场 是重要的国家资产，必须予以保护和加强。
债券、票据或其他支付允诺之价值取决于允诺人的经济状况。
知识产权
专利权是政府对一项新发明授予的独立性权利，以给予发明鼓励和奖励。
规定必须使用注册商标的商品，未经核准注册的，不得在市场销售。
复制受版权法保护的作品是违法的。
销售明知是假冒注册商标的商品可构成犯罪。
法院应原告申请签发禁令，制止被告侵犯版权。
未经版权所有人的许可复制受版权法律保护的资料是违法的。
禁止出售盗版光碟。
要获得专利，发明必须具备新颖性、实用性和非显易见性。
“实用新型”是指对产品的形状、结构或组合所提出的具有实用性的新技术方案。
未经授权使用他人注册商标是违法的。
仲裁
成立了一个仲裁委员会以按照仲裁规则审理和裁决该争端。
凡因本合同而产生的或与本合同相关的争议或分歧均应通过仲裁予以解决。
任何公共政策问题都不在仲裁范围之内。
仲裁有时会比诉讼要省钱和省时。
仲裁员是解决双方当事人争议的持中立态度的人。
仲裁员签发了有关合同条款含义的最后裁决。
上诉时仲裁决变为无效。
条款规定双方当事人之间的任何争端应提交仲裁而非进行诉讼。
他们同意经仲裁解决争端。
当双方当事人无法就合同条款达成协议，则由仲裁员进行裁定。
